The term 'information' appears to cover too much that seems
distinctive: knowledge, data, information in a narrow sense that some treat
as synonymous with data, news, intelligence, and numerous other colloquial
and specialized denotations and connotations. However, the distinctions
implied by oppositions such as observations/theories, data/knowledge, raw
intelligence/finished intelligence, accounting details/management are
secondary, not fundamental, in characterizing information resources. They
reflect only relative judgments. For instance, one person's knowledge is
often another's raw data. What a vice president for marketing, production,
or finance thinks he knows is just data to the chief executive officer's
staff. What a scientist thinks he knows about the merits of a flu vaccine
or the safety of a nuclear reactor is just data for presidential policy and
politics. Data or knowledge are just types of information content--of
greater or lesser value, of greater or lesser cost.
-- Anthony Oettinger, from "The Information Resources Policy Handbook"
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